Technology and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Technology and Culture - Essay ExampleFor this intellect the knowledge of mapping is of high importance. Different softw atomic number 18s and techniques atomic number 18 available for this purpose, especially at the schools and college level which underside help the students and fresh ones to get an adaptation of the mapping through simple procedures.Tang and Hyerle tried explaining the working of the visual learning map software in a manner of elongated and spread away tree. They have their nodes extended and each carrying an important element such as operation, similitude. The similitude part consists of metaphor and similarity while the operation part consists of linear and recursive functions. It pertains to the concept of cosmos similar, or alike. These are based on the Rigorous analogy manner proposed by Miller analogy and concoction. Miller analogy finds large number of applications in computing world, especially in the domain of mapping and route traversing. This s it tries to address all questions and relevant queries in a logical manner. The tree model helps executing the boilers suit method in a multiple way, which is either by handling it in a direct down approach or in a bottom up approach. Each representing sufficient information and is executable in either way.Classification map is another method for determining the overall method of map execution. Classification model map is also of tree nature in its outlook and has the characteristics that are laid down by Tang and Hyerle. Each part of the tree being a percentage in form of a node and these nodes containing the valuable information. Another approach towards map drawing is that of geomorphologic maps. As the name implies, the overall approach is based on designing of map based on the structural factors.Structural maps fall into two categories, the first being a properties map and the second being parts map. The latter is used to execute and evaluate the analysis of the items involv ed while the properties map as the name implies is inclusive of part map and

Garbology in Marketing Strategies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Garbology in Marketing Strategies - Term Paper showcaseNeuromarketing refers to the employment of technology to determine the consumers brain activity so as to assist in developing products and communications (Zurawicki 211). The technique is founded on the idea that consumer purchasing behavior is formed in garbled seconds. The technique overly holds that subverting decisions are made within the brains subconscious and horny part. The technique is also based on the premise that that by being able to clearly commiserate what consumers like, do not like, or fear as shown by the reactions of the brain to brand stimuli, marketers can be able to brand their products and communicate with them in a manner that best meets the market needs, by influencing consumers to buy the products. All these fundamentals are based on neuromarketing is based on neuroscience, which involves the study of how the brain enables human race to think, perceive, and feel emotions, make decisions and commu nicate (Guardian News and Media Limited Par. 3). The techniques applied are based on working(a) magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), psychophysics, electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) as noted by Moore and Pareek (195).Neuromarketing research is said to have triggered real amount of interest among many marketers and companies. Proponents of the technology argue that it could be the next big thing in the marketplace (Guardian News and Media Limited par 6). In this regard, they argue that by using science to deposit the buy buttons of consumers, it would be easy for marketers to open the black box of the consumers mind. Research reveals that neuromarketing is good for act in different areas especially in predicting behaviors, understanding the ads that the majority of consumers can easily remember. It can also be applied in choosing the media formats that can easily be understood by consumers. Other areas of application according to Moore and Pareek are in understanding why most consumers differ from what they inform the focus pigeonholing (196).

America Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America Post-Civil War Growing Pains - audition ExampleThis period was the second major turning horizontal surface in a long be given that occurred in this particular period. It had far-reaching consequences for Americas social and political life. There were many changes to the laws at the subject level, which promised a new breathing space for the African-American population, there was also a promise from the field of study government to protect the rights of the new citizens of American Republic (Foner, Mahoney, pp. II, 1995). Therefore, the paper enters into a discussion of the impact of the dickens major turning points, which occurred after the civil warfare, as well as considering the different effects of the laws that were passed during this period. It is inherent to identify crucial differences that led to the changing of the economic, political and social life of Americans. While the industrial elaboration was concentrated in the North, the country witnessed massive ra tes of economic issue. There was a huge working out of agriculture and industry, as well as a issue in population. Much of the economic growth occurred in Northeast, Midwest and plain states. The South remained largely agricultural. One of the reasons that the North was able to pursue its agenda of economic progress was because the Southern states provided no opposition. A major reason for the huge economic growth was the different innovations, which changed the scale and scope of manufacturing. This was expressed by approximately 45,661 patents that were released in 1897 compared to 1045 issued in 1844. These innovations included the typewriter, scheming and adding machines, the cash register and the Kodak camera. There was a boom in the textile industry, as a way out of the improvements in the technology, such as looms and faster spindles in weaving (Gale, 1999).This resulted in huge changes within American society, driven by mass immigration, and urbanization. During this ti me, America became what it is now, largely shaped by the phrase The American Dream, which was the conceive of of every immigrant who set foot on our shores during the reconstruction period. During this stage of industrialism, there was little or no leisure time for factory workers and many managers and professionals. An average American may have witnessed an increase in economic growth, but they also faced problems of pollution, and disturbances to their lifestyles, because of the different influx of immigrants (e-history, 2012). The other major turning point of American history, which occurred during the reconstruction period, was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. This was a result of the Lincoln administrations determination to hug immediate unification of the North and the now defunct Confederacy, moving former slaves along the road to granting immunity Lincoln tried to pave the road, which would eventually lead to emancipation. Eventually, Lincoln included the African-Ame ricans in the military in the North, so they could aid in the war effort to fight against the Confederacy. Following the end of the civil war and during the reconstruction plan, Lincoln tried to persuade many states to abolish slavery, and in most cases, he proved to be unsuccessful. The Thirteenth Amendment, which Lincoln worked towards with the Republicans eventually, abolished slavery in the entire country (Foner, Mahoney, pp. 22-24, 1995). It cannot be stated explicitly the way Reconstruction would have been

Critical Annotated Bibliography Tranexamic Acid Essay

Critical Annotated Bibliography Tranexamic Acid - Essay interpreterAmandip Singh is also a doctor in the department of anaesthesiology at DMCH. The researchers assert that tranexamic blistery significantly decreases melodic phrase loss after operation and reduces the need for blood transfusion among students after undergoing total knee switch (TKR).According to the researchers, Tranexamic acid, which is a synthetic derivative of amino acid lysine, is an effective antifibrinolytic agent. The acid is may reversibly skirt lysine-binding sites on the plasminogen molecules, thus hinder the formation of plasmin. Other researchers have showed increased exercise of tranexamic acid in orthopaedic surgery due to its safety, efficacy and low cost. The research was conducted in a tertiary health care facility after obtaining approval from the hospital heath ethics committee with informal have taken from patients involved in the study. The researchers used randomized double-blinded study i nvolving 40 patients scheduled to undergo one-party TKR for osteoarthritis. Three surgeons who had experience in the field to ensure validity of the test conducted the study. The first half of the universe of discourse was injected with 10mg/kg of tranexamic acid. Conversely, the placebo group underwent the same procedure only that normal saline was used instead of tranexamic acid. ... It was conclude that routine administration of the acid was beneficial to patients undergoing operation. The limitation of the research is that it involved a limited shape of populations. Also, the researchers did not monitor the plasminogen levels, D-dimer, thromboelastography, and fibrin degradation products. In addition, the researchers failed to measure hemoglobin levels of transfused blood and weigh sponges, which could have alter the accuracy of calculations. The text did not have sufficient clinical evidence and literature supporting the use of tranexamic acid in preventing preoperative bl ood loss. The relevance and usefulness of the text to my research is that it informed on the importance of the Tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during operations in patients. Sekhavat, L., Tabatabaii, A., Dalili, M., Farajkhoda, T., & Tafti, A. (2009). Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. The Journal Of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. Vol. 22(1), 72-75. The authors of this research journal are medical practitioners at the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Shahod Sehud Hospita, and Health Services, Yard, Iran. They have the cleverness to produce credible research that can be used in any academic research. The careen presented by the researchers is that cesarean section (CS) rate has been on the increase among women delivering and that CS posse many complications as compared to the normal vaginal birth due to complications related to postpartum haemorrhage. The medications that have been used to reduce bleeding include prosta glandins, oxytocin, and methylergonovine. The researchers however feel that tranexamic acid, a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine that has been applied for several(prenominal) years in the

Where Are You Going Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates Essay

Where Are You Going Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates - Essay ExampleThis grade narrates the sexual advances in the midst of a eon that represents the idea and philosophy of the heartbeat culture along with its attempt to change and ignore all traditional concepts. However, what comes out of the narrative is the lust of Arnold and the opportunity to conflate the nihilist ideology of the era into personal satisfaction. This process of seduction is well documented in this fib and it reflects the complex nature of the juxtaposition within traditional moral and rebellious nature of the generation of the beat culture.It should be mentioned that Larry Rubins assertion that Connies encounter with Arnold Friend is only a dream- resembling projection of her erotic fantasies (Rubin, 202) is mistaken for some(prenominal) reasons. Firstly, it is not desperately required for a person of that generation to fantasize when the elements are readily available. Secondly, thither is no si ngle instance where it is hinted that Arnold is a metaphor or result of a fantasy. He appears completely real and menacing all the while. Thus it cannot be stated that critic Larry Rubin is correct when asserting that Connies encounter with Arnold Friend is only a dream-like projection of her erotic fantasies (Rubin, 202).It is true that Joyce M. Wegs mentioned that Arnold is clearly a symbolic match (Wegs, 202) but it appears that he is the product of the era itself. Arnold is no different and his character is well depicted in the story where his ability is low and he seeks a benefit of low interest and he is at ease with his gains. It can well be stated that are always some negative points in the time of change and people like Arnold are the individuals who are instrumental in incorporating those negative for their momentary and intangible asset benefits. The doubts, dilemmas, and confusions of the beat culture were gradually, quite slowly indeed, giving way to a new and uniqu e heathenish revolution. It was happening all across the Western world and the characters of the story find themselves in the midst of it. batch suddenly seemed to realize that there was enough of political warfare to disgrace humanity. The prevailing standards suddenly seemed to be meaningless, and the insurgent youths wanted something different to happen. This something took place in the form of nihilism and beat movement and the story depicts exactly this mood when an opportunist like Arnold took full advantage of the situation of Connie. He tried to unblock his acts by yielding bizarre psyche and philosophies, actually fallacy, that was so relevant at the time among survey culture. Arnolds approach to Connie was planned but he placed like an artistic jest with fallacies of philosophy. Now, put your hold on your heart, honey. Feel that That feels solid too but we know better. Be nice to me, be invigorated like you can because what else is there for a girl like you but to be sweet and attractive and give in-and get away before her people come back (Oates, 388-9) or for that matter lines like Ill have my arms tight around you so you wont need to try to get away and Ill orient you what love is like, what it does. The hell with this house It looks solid all right. (Oates, 388) It is evident from these words that the actual inclination was to emulate the philosophical concept of the time but the situation and the intention was completely materialistic in nature. No matter how much Arnold poses as a carefree beat and a nihilist by uttering unconventional and anti establishment ideas like The place where you came from aint there any more, and where you had in mind to go is cancelled out. This place you are

Erosion on the Earths Moon, Venus and Mercury Assignment - 1

Erosion on the Earths Moon, genus Venus and hydrargyrum - Assignment ExampleIts solid surface and thick crust also support this idea. The right condition why there is so less erosion observed in the surface of Mercury and Venus is that unlike Earth, these planets have no tectonic plates. Since there are no tectonic plates to move with look on to one another, therefore, there remains no room for the energy from the Mantle to escape. Instead, Venus goes through a repetitive process that makes the temperature of the Mantle rise to a critical point, beyond which the crust melts, though it takes instead long for it to renew itself, thereby dissipating whole of the stored heat in the Mantle. Besides, Venus has no moons to produce a tidal effect and accordingly, no erosion results because of a lack of moons gravity. Erosion on the moon is truly less / negligible because there is no wind or precipitation to cause erosion.A planets sizing and its distance from the Sun play a very importa nt role in deciding the gloriole a planet would have. Lets take the example of the planet Earth. Earth is the fifth-largest planet among all and it is two planets (Mercury and Venus) away from the Sun. Unlike many other planets, the huge size of Earth leaves a circularize of room for the heat to accumulate in its interior i. e. the core of Earth. The accumulated heat forces the tectonic plates to sneak past one another so that the heat can be dissipated outside the realm into the atmosphere.Earths geological activity also affects the average temperatures. As a simple example, if there is a colossal volcanic eruption that sends large amounts of dust into the atmosphere, then the dust could block sunlight thereby alter the Earth. (Pandian, 2002).

HW 5 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HW 5 - Case Study Example attending a Peace corporation mission in Africa enables one fulfil his or her desire to contribute assistance to the needy and charity organisations.However, all whitethorn not go well after graduation. For example, macrocosm employed by Nipsco willing require one dedicate most of his or her time towards the work. This may cause a person lose the touch of friends, and break relationships. In addition, a demotion or decline in bonus could lower someones morale, and affect his or her financial stability. Furthermore, staying in graduate school will result into reduced services for the students seeking classrooms, especially if they atomic number 18 enrolled under distance learning. Moreover, moving to novel Orleans can prove to be stressful, especially if one is employed and lowly paid, making it unwieldy to pay for bills and cater for other necessities. Spending two years as a Peace Corp may divert ones attention and break contact with friends and rel atives as one spends more time outside from them.Conclusively, the decisions made after graduation determine ones livelihood and professional interaction, and, thus, it is important to make wise decisions that are less likely to affect an individual

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits Essay - 6

How can a motorcoach motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits of this to a company Support your answer with examples - shew Exampleesponsibility of penury because a certain percentage signals that it is the responsibility of the employee to motivate him or herself while others argue that an employer is responsible for motivating the employees (Dell 1993).Hence, employees penury is crucial for any kind of organisation. Lack of motivation can be detrimental to an organisation as it would lead to decrease in production, morale and customers. Diverse theories have emerged to signal different motivation strategies that are necessary in organisations (Daft 2011). At times, individuals reach a point in their working lives when the level of motivation reduces especially due to own(prenominal)ity that has a major contribution on the attitudes they have in their working places. In such cases, managers and supervisors have no control over personal attitudes, but can be able t o handle those that ignite employee into losing their motivation for instance poor retribution and poor working condition.Conversely, numerous factors cause employees to lack motivation especially when working in an environment that is not bored and lacking the necessary trust for the management. In addition, the fact that employees are not apt(p) chances to learn new skills and grow within an organisation are great contributors to lack of motivation.According to Lauby 2005, motivation of employees requires time as most of the employees are not motivated in the same ways. In essence, employee motivation depends on the priorities that they have in life. Once the managers understand the values of employees then rewarding becomes simpler. Of importance to line of business is that, motivation depends with individuals, values, and motivation factors of managers may be different from those of employees. Moreover, money is one of the most powerful tools in employee motivation. Conseque ntly, this had not been the case as most organisations are said to underpay their employees when the employees have greatly contributed to the benefit of the

Reading response paper 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading response paper 2 - Assignment ExampleIt never mattered if a piece of work was ornamental or representational, but the significance was the quality of aliveness. The quality that appears from artistic regard as does not necessarily depend on subject matter or motif. The first attempt to commence up with realistic scenes in a pictorial form is found during the period of warring states (The expectant Painters of China 3). The scenes are found in relieve and intaglio on bronze, which represent the systema skeletales of warriors, hunters, boats men, and musicians.Figure 6 is a clay title from Szechwam that shows less imposing objects. These objects are a clear representation of birds hunters at the lake at the upper spot while the lower side is a representation of people harvest-home in the field. The lake is symbolized by flowering lotus and big fish instead of being represented. On the new(prenominal) hand, the sky is full of wild ducks in flight and there is no appearanc e of a contrary shoreline (The Great Painters of China 5). The harvesters are seen standing on a tilted position and this is evident finished simple device thinning rows of the plants on them. In addition, while most of the figures are seen on an complex quantity ground near the lower edge, one of the men is seen at the deeper space.Originally, it is evident that painting was concentrated on ornamental design. However, during the early parts of Han dynasty, there was a change by representation of reality in pictorial form from various sources. The most important thing was creating expressive conversation. The scene showed in figure 13 represents the story of a grandson yuan Ku who in a period of starvation saved his grandad from dying in the wilderness. In addition, he saved his father from the guilt of parricide. At the left side of the picture, the grand father is seen squatting abandoned under a cedar tree by the stream. Yuan Ku picks an empty stretcher to go and fetch his gr andfather, but his father yells at him saying that the

FIELD PROJECT ANALYSIS or PERSAUSIVE PAPER Essay

FIELD PROJECT epitome or PERSAUSIVE PAPER - Essay ExampleWorkforce diversity is crucial because it contributes to the productivity and profitability of the guild through injecting multiple talents to the ships alliance structure. Similarly, organizational culture is essential to facilitate interactive and harmonious socialising of a diverse workforce to attain the company objectives. Studies reveal a viable relationship surrounded by diversity of the workforce and organizational structure of a company to attain best results. When people find into contact and interact with each other, there is the likelihood for people with the common interest and features form an important cohesive team to gain organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, companies and organizations require an effective organizational structure to guide their operations, rule of conducts and direct their goals and objectives, (Ashkenas, 1995). Companies with diverse people cannot work without organization al structure because the organizational structure is the main modelling for the organization of the company, and the underpinnings that maintain the functioning of the collection. Discussion Organizational culture is the operating strategy that tells the team members how the group is consolidated and how it functions. A companys organizational structure is a critical aspect that determines the companys performance. (Osland, Kolb & Rubin, 2001, p. 429). More significantly, the organizational structure describes how leadership is organise, how group partners argon accepted and how organizational decisions are made. It is thus, the aim of this give-and-take to explore the relationships that occur between the company and organizational structure. In other words, the discussion will explore the benefits of developing a viable organizational structure on the levels of productivity of a company (with employees diversity) for effective management. Workers, leaders and the anticipated pr ojects influence the organizational structure of the group. The organizational structure aid state the functions and duties of the team members, companies or work team. The organization design of the company must much employees with responsibilities and impel them to best use their talents and tailor roles and strategies that are able to cope with demands and opportunities of workplace (Osland, Kolb & Rubin, 2001, p. 462). The organizational structure reflects a system of activities or roles and reporting policies in the right place to give members of a team or organization a direction when implementing programs. An effective organizational structure will enable individuals and groups to function expeditiously together while implementing ethics of hard work and appropriate work attitudes. Every company or group must have a powerful organizational structure. Experts agree that a well organized and strategic, organizational structure aids support better communication process and ju stifies lines of power and relationships of reporting to hold back that processes of workflow in a clear process, (Rant, 2004). A company without an organizational structure is dysfunctional and dead. When the company organizational structure fails communication worsen, disruptions in job product result and bottom-line benefits are impacted. The company must frequently check its organizational structure to ensure it is achieving the needs of the organization as it grows and transforms. Absence of an

Why is HIV-AIDs so prominent an issue in post-apartheid South Africa Essay

Why is HIV-AIDs so prominent an answer in post-a agencyheid randomness Africa Does godliness offer solutions or exacerbate the problems - Essay ExampleHowever, the transition from apartheid to land was largely obscured by a HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome crisis.1 A large number of the southerly African population have adopted traditionalists policies aimed at managing sexuality and thus controlling the spread of help. These practices and policies are plant in unearthly and ritualistic practices and beliefs that involve circumcising boys and testing girls for virginity prior to marriage.2 This research study analyses the traditionalist religious approach to controlling the spread of AIDS in post-apartheid sec Africa and argues that rather than offer solutions, traditionalist religion exacerbates the problems. This research study is therefore divided into three main parts. The first part of the paper provides inside information of the HIV/AIDS crisis in post-aparthei d South Africa and analyses why HIV/AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in post-apartheid South Africa. The second part of this research study defines and analyses traditionalist religion in post-apartheid South Africa. The third part of this paper analyses the role of religion, particularly the traditionalist religion in countering the HIV/AIDS crisis in South Africa. HIV/AIDS in Post-Apartheid South Africa HIV/AIDS ... On average life foresight in South African fell from 64 geezerhood of age in 1994 to 49 years of age in 2001.5 The United Nations reported that the number of children orphaned as a result of AIDS in South Africa by 2001 was 700,000. In 2002, the number of orphans as a result of AIDS was 120,000 and 150,000 in 2003.6 USAID reports that as of 2011, South Africa has the largest number of HIV/AIDS infections worldwide With the first reported case in 1982, the disease has reached epidemic proportions with 5.6 million South Africans living with either HIV or full shor t-winded AIDS. Moreover, South Africas infant and maternal mortality rate has increased steadily since the 1990s with AIDS largely attributed to the cause of infant and maternal mortality. AIDS is responsible for 42.5 per cent of maternal mortality and 35 per cent of infant mortality cases. While South Africa only represents 0.7 per cent of the global population, it is responsible for 28 per cent of the global HIV population.7 UNICEFs report on HIV and AIDs in South Africa notes that HIV infection rates among adolescent girls are on average five times high than among boys.8 According to UNICEF, this is largely due to girls biological and social vulnerability.9 For the most part women depend on men for economic support and usually do not have adequate education facilities and are therefore more prone to poverty, sexual exploitation, coercion and rape and are susceptible to work in the sex trade.10 Complicating matters for women, when they contract HIV or full blown AIDS they suffer heightened levels of gender discrimination. Women typically test

Thesis Research_How Chinese International Students deal with Research Paper

dissertation Research_How Chinese International Students deal with Acculturative Stress in their First Year of Studying in Canada - Research Paper ExampleThe study also involved the collection of primary data from twain online forums and mapping students in various places. The study shows that a majority of Chinese international students experience acculturative stress in the Canadian environment. The study also reveals that many of the students prefer to live, study and work in groups from which they get social support. The study further reveals that apart from relying on social support, the students maintain positive thoughts and ensnarl in a variety of activities to overcome acculturative stress. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that Chinese international students learn in various constructive activities, maintain positive thought and seek social support to as a way of dealing with coating shock and acculturative stress. A Study on How Chinese International Students Deal with Acculturative Stress in Their First Year of Study in Canada ever since the late 70s, the government of China implemented a policy that aimed at facilitating students learning of advanced occidental technology by studying in western universities and colleges. Today, statistics indicate that China is the biggest exporter of students in the world concord to Gu (2013). ... The general trend toward the preference to study abroad among Chinese students is driven by the touch that education outside the boarders of China is more systematic and comprehensive, and that the experience is better than they otherwise would get in China. Other students are motivated by the fact that they do not have to sit for and scat university entry exams when they select to pursue education in foreign educational institutions (Anonymous, 2013). One of the main motivations that Chinese students cite for preferring to study abroad is the experience of other cultures. While this is the ca se, the students are often subject to culture shock and acculturation challenges within their first few months or course of instructions of their introduction to the new culture. Having left(a) behind their friends, family, and homeland, many of these international students face numerous challenges and difficulties in their new environments. Like other immigrants, Chinese students studying in foreign countries normally experience acculturative stress and its effects as they clamber to adapt to the new culture and environment. Several studies have been conducted with respect to acculturation and culture shock in different part of the world. Most of the studies that have been conducted regarding acculturative stress focus on immigrants to the U.S. from different parts of the world. While this is the case, no study has been conducted on how Chinese international students deal with acculturative stress in their first year of study in Canada. This study seeks to fill this knowledge g ap. My objectives are listed as beneath 1. To establish how Chinese international students in Canada suffer from acculturative stress in their first year study 2. To explore the different

2.1 External Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2.1 External surroundings - Research Paper ExampleThrough environmental scanning, the validation will identify strategical factors that move its operation. This enables the organization to adjust to the current trends in external environment factors, as it will influence its strategic decision-making process.The sociocultural factors consist of various dimensions that run into the wellness care organization. These include nation growth rate, the population level of education, population employment pattern, the age pattern of the population, lifestyle choices and finishing. All these factors interact together to affect the operation of the organization.Today, the number of educated individuals has continued to increase. Many people have access to education imputable to the various legislations that have subsidized education in different parts of the world. Armed with knowledge regarding their wellness due to increasing access to the internet, the educated population has demande d quality health care services from the health care organizations. This put pressure on the organization to purchase technologically sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and discussion so as to achieve the needs of the population (Zeshan, 2012).The age population pattern has been changing all over time. The population increased over time due to the scientific advances that have led to the development of life-saving medications. These senior(a) populations have unique health care demands due to their diversity in terms of, age, life experience, ageing process, health habits, attitude and response to illness. This put pressure on a health care organization to come up with services that specifically caters for this population. The world population is made of people with diverse culture in terms of value and beliefs. The values and beliefs affect their health seeking habits. Therefore devising health care services that caters for the unique cultural needs of these populations

Internet Banking Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internet Banking Master - Assignment exerciseThe present form of online banking finds its roots in the pioneering initiative launched by four of the major banks of New York, Citibank, chemical substance Bank, Chase Manhattan and Manufacturers Han everywhere bank. These banks simultaneously, yet individually, offered home banking attends that allowed bank customer to maintain records as well as carry out transactions without leaving the comforts of their home (Mary J.C., 1997)Internet Banking received a major boost with the rapid development and penetration of banking activities conducted over the internet. Activities like money transfer and securities trading merchant ship be done through internet banking. Its a virtual bank in itself which is often an appendix of its brick and mortar model. With expanding information technology it is wise for the banks to adopt and leverage it, for expansion of business and better and accelerated delivery of services to the customer. Some of t he benefits of internet banking areInternet banking is being used both in B2B (business to business) and retail banking. There are also some banks which only have a virtual presence, for fount Nexity Bank. Generally bigger banks tend to offer internet banking. This is because smaller banks often find the cost of the service unprofitable before they expand to a certain scale (Gup B.E., 2003) Lloyds TSB is the largest retail bank in UK parcel over 30 million customers. Being one of the largest banks in UK and the world, it has taken to internet technology in a big way and offers an array of services to its customers over the internet. Some of the internet banking services offered by TSB are like payment of bills, management of direct debit and standing orders, online application for savings account- over draft - credit card -personal loans, online travel money (without commission),online statements and so on. They also provide online banking guarantee and relinquish weekly text ale rts and the best is that registration for such services comes free of cost. (Lloyds TSB Bank Plc., n.d.)Internet banking has dissimilar stages. The very fundamental or basic stage is about information it offers information about the bank and its offerings. The attached level is communication which offers interaction between the customer and the banks information or IT system. Transaction is at the core of the next stage, where customers virtually transfer money/funds, pay bills and so on. (Ravi V., 2007)Internet bankin

Finance assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Finance - Assignment Examplebusiness mandate. This provision would require most firms to gallop employees health insurance about $1,680 per worker annually into a new Health Security sureness Fund created to provide the coverage.Even though implementation of the law has been slower than planned, few want to cultivate away health insurance from the more than 76,000 Massachusetts citizens who have gained coverage since its inception. We wouldnt have insurance otherwise, tell one of those enrollees, Mary Robbins, who had repeatedly tried without success to buy coverage for the small Saugus heating and atm conditioning firm she owns and operates with her husband.New estimates from the Department of Medical Security, the agency struggling to implement the program, challenge the normal assumption that full implementation of comprehensive health insurance will require additional terra firma funding.A decision to fall back on the old mechanism of paying for care of the uninsured, the states unsalaried Care Pool, would incur major costs and political liabilities. The costs, covered by a surcharge on all insured citizens hospital bills, have hit $405 million this year and will balloon eventide more rapidly if ways are not found to chip away at the figure of uninsured. The question is where the money will come from the beleaguered state budget, or businesses and their employees already burdened by uplifted health insurance premiums.For these reasons and more, those who understand the intricacies of health-care financing say there is no way for the state solely to walk away from the problem of finding a way to pay the health costs of the uninsured. Although the 1988 universal health care law, now known as Chapter 23, was closely linked with Gov. Dukakis and his shattered presidential ambitions, the thought has a history that transcends parties and ideologies. While the Governor has yet to detail his health policy plans, he has designated the surrogate governo r-elect as his spokesman on those issues.At the

Education in International Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Education in International Development - Essay Exampletill, it has been state that the problem is not inherently linked to the political process and could be linked to disconnect between the citizens needs and the countrys policies. Gewald et al (2012 p29) emphasize the critical link between political conjunction and education, especially noting that education is essential to the social, stintingal, and political development of Zambia. Zambias Ministry of Education has since the early 90s been determined resurrect access and quality of education in accordance to the societies needs (Sardanis, 2014 p21). This paper will seek to handle the effects of underdevelopment on the provision of education in Zambia, while also evaluating the impact of policies, practices, and projects on tuition in Zambia. First, an overview of Zambias current economic development and political situation will be given.Zambias economy is heavily reliant on the mining persistence, specifically copper minin g. However, the costs of production continues to rhytidectomy as copper reserves are depleted, while income is unstable due to copper prices on the human market, which has been identified as a reason why Zambia should diversify its economic base (Baldini & IMF, 2012 p35). The agricultural industry is poorly developed, while major investments both public and foreign in the manufacturing industry only took straddle following the countrys independence from Britain. Involvement of the state in almost every economic aspect has led to a highly bureaucratic and centralized economic structure. In real terms, economic suppuration in 2013 in Zambia declined by 6.5%, particularly because of a fall in output of cotton wool and maize that makes up most of the countrys economic output (Baldini & IMF, 2012 p35). Largely, real GDP growth is driven by the public, transportation, construction, communications, mining, and manufacturing sector. Copper contributes to at least 70% of Zambias export e arnings, although non-traditional exports like cultivation

Gay Rights Essay Essay Example for Free

Gay Rights attempt EssayAubri Lutz La/Lit Per. 4 Miss Gibbs 10/22/01 Should Homo cozy Clubs Be Allowed On College Campus? Do you plan on hanging college? College offers a plethora of opportunities to those who choose to attend. There is horseback locomote club, chess club and even Pokemon club these days. However, if a person hopes to join a club found on his or her sexual resource, think again. They argon not allowed on public civilizedays campuses. It is a good idea that human clubs and organizations be censored. They atomic number 18 offensive and inappropriate.If people try to ban clubs in college based on homosexual preference, they depart be closing issue many new(prenominal) clubs to come. For example, tally to the Bible film groups, The banning of homosexual clubs is a good idea, but not a logical one. It is a step backwards for our bible study clubs, it will only cause them to lash out and close d throw our groups, too (www.family.org). For every club ou t there based on sexual preference there are one hundred clubs that focus on bible study. Since bible study clubs are just as controversial as homosexual ones, they are worried that if the banning of those clubs happens, they will be next. To empower school officials to close down and ban clubs based on homosexual preference is a marvelous thought, but it empowers them to shut down appropriate clubs identical the bible study groups.In addition, the Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group, also the LGBT has said that, Any club/organization or school discrimination against homosexual clubs and organizations will lose funding, travel funds, meeting place and right to have a club on campus immediately (www.leaderu.com//marco). This is a comfort to the clubs of homosexuals because their rights on campuses are protected. Conversely, it is a discomfort to the clubs who do not support their ideas and ways of thinking because now they are forced to at least concede to be supportive of those clubs. This is not sensitive to the idea that this may bring about even much tensions between organizations because of the forced pretend support. So, the organizations trying to rid college campuses of the clubs based on sexual preference fatality to stop and think about what other clubs they could be doing damage to first.Student-led pro homosexual groups, called gay alliances, are an on-growingdisturbance and are inappropriate to have in school. For example, gay extremists are pressuring the Trustees board to oppose other minority clubs since theirs are currently being targeted. They are threatening to, take matters into their own hands if no one steps into do anything about this. This is a dilemma because one clubs being targeted is no rationalize for them to be able to discriminate against others. After all, they are upset at being discriminated against. By continuing to single out groups unlike them, they are only welcoming more upon themselves. In addition, studen ts attending Iowa Colleges who are offended by homosexual clubs and their behaviors, have voiced their comments and been completely disregarded.One student went to the board of nurture and stated that, clubs that promote and praise homosexuality make me feel uncomfortable as a student in this college (www.leaderu.com/marco). His comment was totally disregarded and never brought up again. That is disturbing because the only voices being perceive are those which belong to the gay groups and that is not fair. It is also a problem because students who are paying for school are not being listened to and need to be in a time of controversy like this one. People need to think long and hard about whether or not they want their college kids subjected to homosexual clubs and/or organizations.The Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group is a rapidly growing group across the country. They are fighting for the rights of Lesbians Gays Bisexuals and Trangendered people. For example, the LGB T have voiced their opinions loud and clear, We are just like everyone else and deserve clubs to jump it. The struggle of the LGBT has moved to center stage since 1994, they are fighting for their individual rights on campus as rise as in the classroom. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group have caused quite a posit on college campuses and that is affecting all other students learning. They need to quit.The affect it is having on bi-stander students is neither fair nor appropriate. Furthermore, We are no different than all the other student who wander this campus. Said by James Anderson, a student in Colorado. Another students first question was, Then why do you need your own club on campus? Its the LGBT population saying things like that that get other students confused. Students who do not attend homosexual clubs are forced to watch rallies in the union about things they dontcompletely understand and that is not fair to them. People who choose to attend college do not ne ed to be subjected to this whole ordeal, it should be fought somewhere besides school campuses.Clubs that applaud sexual preference and behavior are unnecessary on public school campuses. These sexual preference based organizations only cause strife and confusion for students. Since these clubs are only applicable to a small minority population of students, they are hard to support and absolve this causes tense situations.

Illustrate The Causes if Inflation And Deflation Essay Example for Free

en full-size The Causes if Inflation And Deflation EssayWith the aid of diagrams, illustrate the causes if fanfare and deflation, and by comparing their economic effect bring back on how both can effect the bodied sectorThis essay provide aim to cover the causes of puffiness and deflation and see how their economic effect square off the corporate sector. By first defining any account scathe, then looking at the causes of pretension and deflation, looking at their different effects on the miserliness and in turn analysing how those effects shape the corporate sector. Before this can be d ace the terms fanfare, deflation and corporate sector must first be defined. Inflation is a bestride in the average out price of goods over time. (Begg, D., Fischer, S. and Dorndusch, R., 2000, p462) and The most usual measure is that of sell prices (Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., 2001, P533) (this information beingness gathered from the retail price index RPI) and A try in in flation means a faster extend in pricesf tout ensemble in inflation means a lower stand in prices (Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., 2001, p533).To illustrate the greatness of inflation The COS (Central Statistical Office) says it gets more queries from the public about the RPI than any other statistic, a refection of the influence inflation has on incessantlyy ones life. (Vaitilingam, R., 1994, p132). Now deflation must be defined. Deflation is the mirror image on inflation (McAleese, D., 2004, p285) and is defined by the Collins English dictionary as reduction in economic exercise resulting in lower outturn and investment (Anon, 1998, p140). Corporate means relating to a caper corporation (Oxford University Press, 2006) so the corporate sector is all profit making businesses.This draw bequeathing now examine the important causes of inflation. There are two main types of inflation adopt crook and cost push. Demand pull inflation occurs when a rise in aggregate demand leads to an accession in overall prices (Begg, D. and Ward, D., 2004, p237). Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., (2001, p537) delineated this graphically stating The AD curve shirts to the right and continue to do so. Firms will respond to a rise in aggregate demand partly by raising prices and partly by increasing output (a move up the AS curve) and this is illustrated in the observeing diagramThis new, higher level of demand my progress for many reasons Atkinson, B. and Miller, R., (1998, p378) tell us that The high level of demand may originate from consumers, from firms, from overseas or from the government.The other main cause of inflation is cost push inflation. Cost push inflation occurs when a reduction in supply leads to an increase in overall prices (Begg, D. and Ward, D., 2004, p237) or when cost of crosswayion rise independently from the level of demand (Atkinson, B. and Miller, R., 1998, p378). This can be de noned graphically asSloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., (2001, p357) des cribe this graph as Cost-push inflation is associated with continuing rises in cost and hence continually leftward (upward) shifts in the AS curve. If the firm look a rise in cost, they will respond partly in raising prices and passing the cost onto the consumer and partly by cutting back on production (there is a movement along the AD curve)Monetarists believe that inflation is caused solely by the supply of money in circulation. The monetarist view of inflation, encapsulated in Milton Friedmans dictum, inflation is al counsellings and everywhere a monetary phenomenonInflation occurs when the growth of the money supply persistently exceeds the growth of true(a) output (McAleese, D., 2004, p281). This can as well as be shown graphically asMcAleese, D., (2004, p281) goes on to say thatA rise in money supply from M0 to M1 shifts the AD curve outwards from AD (M0) to AD (M1). The eventual residuum will move from E0 to E1 and prices will rise from P0 to P1In the short runthe AS curv e may be positively slopedIn that event a rise in money stock will cause higher prices, only when will also lead to more outputIn the longer term, pay levels will catch up on inflation and, over time The miserliness then approximates more and more closely to the vertical AS.This surmise is backed by much evidence including this from the US Department of CommerceAs deflation is the opposite inflation it can be caused by the same factors. McAleese, D. (2004, p285) stated it can be caused by supply or demand shocks. Supply shocks includesustained productivity improvements and technological innovation that lowers prices of inputs and outputsDemand shocks can arise for several reasons a fizzle in the stock market or property prices, a sustained strengthening of the exchange rate, warsthat undermined business confidence. From a monetary perspective deflation is caused by a reduction in the velocity of money and/or the amount of money supply per person. (Wikipedia contrisolelyors, 2006 ). Kai, V., L. (2004) showed this graphically asKnow we how inflation and deflation is caused we must examine their effects on the prudence as a whole and their effects on the corporate sector. Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., (2001, p534) believe that If you could accurately predict inflation and adjust incomes and prices to meet it then it would not be problem. And Griffiths, A. and Wall, S., (2004, p463) reinforce this by stating if we feature an economy in which inflation is proceeding at a steady and perfectly foreseen rate, and in which all possible adjustments for the existence of inflation guide been madethe main cost of inflation would arise from the fact that refer is not normally paid on currency in circulation, so individuals would make more trips to the rely in order to collect interest on their money.These extra trips to the bank are often called shoe-leather be of inflation. (Griffiths, A. and Wall, S., 2004, p463) The other cost of anticipated inflation is menu co sts. Menu costs are costs from having to update catalogues, menus, vending machines, etc (Atkinson, B. and Miller, R., 1998, p384). These costs are very minute so would not greatly effect the corporate sector as a whole. Businesses such as restuants, catalouge based comapies and those who produce vending machines would incounter minor expenses. This forseen inflation econany can be represented graphically asBut normally high inflation is not accurately predicted so other economic costs arise. There are four main, other, expenses redistri providedion, perplexity, balance of payments and resources. This report will now look at these factors in turn.Firstly high inflation redistributes wealth to those with assets (e.g. property) and aside from those with savings that pay rates of interest below the rate of inflation and hence whos order is wear away by inflation (Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., 2001, p534). This may include people on fixed pensions. Atkinson, B. and Miller, R., (199 8 p384) show redistribution also effects creditors , those who are owed money, will also suffer, since when they are paid back, the value of money will be expenditure less, while debtors, those who owe money, will benefit. So Firms can also borrow more for investment as square value of debt decreases (Atkinson, B. and Miller, R., 1998, p386). This will be a benefit to firms to wishing to borrow money but bad for those who offer long term credit options on their products.Secondly inflation tends to cause uncertainty and firms may be reluctant to plan ahead and take long term decisions regarding investment as they are unable to predict future costs and revenues. (Atkinson, B. and Miller, R., 1998, p384) This will reduce the rate of economic growth. (Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., 2001, p534). So the corporate sector will suffer from poor planning and low investment.Furthermore inflation is promising to worsen the balance of paymentsits exports will fail relatively less competitive in the world markets. At the same time imports will become relatively cheaper than home produces goods. Thus exports will come upon and imports will rise. As a result the balance of payments will deteriorate and/or the exchange rate will fall. (Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., 2001, p534). This will, accordingly, equal companies who rely on the global economy. They will face difficulties to exporting products and selling them abroad. They will also face increased competition from imports so may even struggle to sell their products to the home market. last extra resources are possible to be used to cope with the effects of inflation. Accountants and other fiscal experts may have to be employed by companies to help cope with the uncertainties caused by inflation. This will then increase a firms costs. With higher costs, firms are less able to make profit. Some firms exit the market and, as a result, aggregate supply is lesswith national output falling and inflation increasing. (Begg, D. and Ward, D., 2004, p238) firms are forced to pass on increasing costs onto the consumer which may result in reduced sales. This could result in being fatal to a firm in a high inflationary economy.So the economy as a whole will suffer from high inflation, firms will find new obstacles in the way of maximising profits and the individual in the economy will each face new difficulties as a result. Sloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., (2001, p536) report The costs of inflation are likely to be relatively mild if unplowed to the single figure problems arise if inflation turns into hyperinflation (where inflation accelerates out of control) and go onto say If inflation develops into hyperinflation Firms eternally raise prices in effort to cover their rocketing costs. Workers demand huge pay increase in an attempt to stay ahead of the rocketing cost of living. Thus prices and wages chase each other in an ever rising inflationary spiral.Even though the effects of hyperinflation, and even in flation, can be devastating to an economy and the corporate sector, most economist fear deflation more. This section will now examine the effects of deflation on the economy and businesses. McAleese, D., (2004, p286) reported In assessing the economic effects of deflation the problem stems less from the shock itself than from the sequence of events that follow and magnify its initial impact. Price declines become self reinforcing. This means if deflation is affecting an economy, consumers will expect prices to fall as they have been. This will mean they will postpone buying a certain product now as they believe that in the future it will be cheaper or as they become more cin one caserned about their future economic security, particularly if unemployment is rising.The prolonged economic slowdown in Japan has raised concerns about future income prospects among its aging labour force, which may well be one reason for its deflation of the last few years (Brooks, D. H. and Quisingp P., F ., 2002). This all means demand will fall. Weakening consumer demand passes into investment. Investors begin to loose nerve. Sales forecasts are cut back. The appetite for risk weakens. Faced with declining sales, corporate debt that once looked rock solid now looks less secure firms cut back on the number of employees (McAleese, D., 2004, p286). So not only does the corporate sector suffer from declining sales, they are forced to reduce their prices even more. They have reduced investment opportunities as capital becomes extremely hard to raise.Deflation has opposing influences on creditors and debtors Consequently, the real value of debt and debt servicing rises. There is thus a potential benefit for creditorsBy itself this redistribution of real net wealth is not necessarily negative for the economy as a whole. (Brooks, D. H. and Quisingp P., F., 2002). For firms with a high level of debt this means rock-bottom security as the cost of their debt is increasing. This will also hav e negative implications on investment as another route of raising capital becomes increasingly more difficult to peruse. Firms that offer credit options will benefit as the real value of they owed increases. The effects of deflation are seen more server in todays economy as McAleese, D., (2004, p286) believes In an open world economy, there is an added fear that deflationary impulses in a large economy could be transmitted across countries through trade and investment linkages.Inflation and deflation both affect the corporate sector in various ways. Constantly low inflation should bring increased stability. Businesses seeking to invest millions of pounds over many years will be assured by increases price stability. Predictions regarding costs and revenues are much easier to make and firms face less uncertainty when assessing investment risk. (Begg, D. and Ward, D., 2004, p286) and low inflation is likely to increase the turnover and profit levels of a firm. Workers may also feel hap pier with pay increase therefore more productive under the illusion they are better off even though their real wage has not increased. So in conclusion low inflation can be in effect(p) to the corporate sector but higher inflation can have many negative affects but It is generally better to have mild inflation than deflation. Deflationcan create a potentially dangerous situation, as occurred during the depression of the 1930s. (Atkinson, B. and Miller, R., 1998, p386).BiblographyAnon, 1998, Collins Gem English dictionary (Nineteenth Edition), HarperCollins Publishing, GlasgowAtkinson, B. and Miller, R., 1998, Business economics, Pearson Education Limited, EssexBegg, D., Fischer, S. and Dorndusch, R., 2000, economic science (Sixth Edition), McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Berkshire.Begg, D. and Ward, D., 2004, Economics for business, McGraw-Hill Education, BerkshireBrooks, D. H. and Quisingp P., F., 2002, Dangers of Deflation, online, Available from http//adb.org/Documents/EDRC/Po licy_Briefs/PB012.pdf access 8th March 2006Griffiths, A. and Wall, S., 2004, Applied economics (Tenth Edition), Pearson Education, LondonKai, V., W., 2004, The Causes and Effects of Deflation in Macao, online, Available from http//www.amcm.gov.mo/ egress/quarterly/Jul2004/causes_en.pdf access 8th March 2006McAleese, D., 2004, Economics for business competition, macro-stability and globalisation, (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall Europe, LondonOxford University Press, 2006, Corporate, online, Available from http//www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/corporate?view=uk Accessed 8th March 2006Parkin, Powell and Matthews, 2005, Economics (Sixth Edition), Pearson Education Limited, EssexSloman, J. and Sutcliffe, M., 2001, Economics for business (Second Edition), Prentice Hall, LondonVaitilingam, R., 1994, The financial times guide to using economics and economic indicators, Pitman Publishing, LondonWikipedia contributors, 2006, Deflation (economics), online. Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/w/i ndex.php? act=Deflation_(economics)oldid=42742256 accessed 8th March, 2006Wikipedia contributors, 2006, Inflation online Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation Accessed 22nd February 2006

The Recruitment And Retention Process And Documentation In A Selected Organisation Essay Example for Free

The recruitment And guardianship Process And Documentation In A Selected Organisation EssayRecruitment ProcessThe recruitment dish turn out of any business is when they try to get new people into their work place. This could be done in many ways such as online advertisements, newspaper adverts, radio broadcasts or shop window displays. The recruitment process cease be very long or very short depending on the think over in hap and taking the wrong someone on without looking closely enough ordure be costly. Businesses invest a lot of money into new employees, also known as training, if they result after a month then this is a bad investment and the business is at a loss. The conjunctives recruitment processThe General Recruitment ProcessThe Cooperatives Recruitment ProcessJob Analysis is carried outThe Cooperative jitney looks at his department in hand and analyses all told areas for where a cable would maybe be appropriate. This could be in the shop front, tills, or freighter the scenes with customer services and stock flow.Job description is preparedThe transaction distinguished by the Cooperative manager is looked into in detail and a description is typed up online and printed out so that they know what exactly is need for the job.A person specification is preparedThe Cooperative manager then looks into detail about what the person who would be doing the job needs to take hold and types up a specification. These manifest the public what would be needed for the role and give them an idea if they are suitable or not.Plans are made for advertising the jobThe department manager or merchandising department would start to plan on how to advertise the job. The Cooperative normally does their job applications online but also have a print out of the application approach pattern to hand in in-store. Sometimes they may place them in the local newspaper if their store is situated clearly in a local town.Advertisements are placedThe Cooperative manager or marketing department will place the adverts out to the areas that they have decided to place them in and await for a response.Applicants are short listedOnce the applicants have started applying for the job then the Cooperative human resources department comes into operation by reading the CVs and narrowing the choice down until they have a select few applicants.References are pick upedThe Cooperative human resources will contact the short listed people and request two references to see how if they are reliable or not.Candidates are invited for querys and selection testsThe human resources team up gets all the people from the short list with good referrals in for an interview. In the Cooperatives process they make believe tests at the same time to give a guide on the job seekers personality, intelligence and attitude.Data obtained from interviews is compared to person specificationAll of the information obtained from questioning in the cooperative interview is taken down and compared to the actual specification of the person to see if they are being truthful. Anyone that doesnt necessarily match will be dropped from the short list without question for lying on their CV.Successful panorama is offered the job.After a long process of narrowing down all the application forms the human resources team from the Cooperative get in contact with the successful candidate and tell them that they have got the job. They also tell them the dates in which they are starting and refer them to the FAQ page of the website. All new workers get a learn they can contact for guidance if they are finding anything hard in their new job at the Cooperative.The Cooperatives retention processThe Cooperative takes time to get all of the right applicants for the job and they came up with effective ways to keep them in the same job.1. DiscountsDiscounts on all the products of the Cooperative, up to 20% off on stock and big reductions on reduced product lines.1. BonusesBonus es are shared out between the workers of the Cooperative, more profit for the business means bigger bonuses for the workers.1. HolidaysLonger holidays are offered for people who have been working for a long time. The longer the employees work at the Cooperative the longer their holiday breaks can be.1. PromotionsPromotions of job roles can be offered to those who have excelled in their department and this means a higher even off and more control over a certain department of the Cooperative.Unit 4 Effective people, communion and information P1

Easyinternetcafe Cafe Essay Example for Free

Easyinternet coffeehouse Cafe EssayThis case report addresses the challenges to implement a forward-looking logistic system that if well implemented it can improve operations and can convert easyinternetcafe into a profitable company. EasyInternetCafe (eIC)is a chain of Internet cafes with put ins in the UK, the USA, Holland, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain and Italy. eIC is part of the Easy Group, headed by the Greek entrepreneur Stelios Haji-Ioannou. The sea captain business nonplus is to build and operate on the principle of economics of scale or slacken off Management most stores would be open 24 hours a day, 7 years a week, and to each one has an average of 350 PCs. In 2003, with losses continuing to mount, eIc solicitude has decided to radically revamp their operations. In order to eliminate the need for future investments in late stores, the strategy was changed.It has been decided to appoint franchisees for the new stores and also, if possible, for the existin g legacy stores. According to the new strategy, the franchisee would be required to bear the costs of the property and the hardware. It was also decided to move from mammoth stores to smaller stores with 20 to 30 PCs. The current logistic situation represents a chokepoint and it is one of the major causes for the ongoing losses at easyinternetcafe. After reviewing different logistics scenarios and providers, I strongly recommend taking a closer look to support the logistic alternative that Ingram Micro is proposing. If we do that, we could benefit in the warehousing, accounting and transportation areas, through all this areas, it will help us decoct the logistics costs and labour per new store, from almost to 2,000.00 to 1,357.00, this and the benefits mentioned before, will help us to achieve our overall physical object of being a profitable company. This will be the strategic perspective that will be present throughout the report.Issue(s) Identification1. Yield Management do es not work for every company. eICs first store opened in June 1999 opposite in London. Soon afterwards, it was quickly recognized that eICs yield management had certain characteristics that later affected the business model elC was offering a highly perishable fruit 1 hour of Internet attack cadence, cannot be put in inventory, once that hour is gone, on that point is no way of reselling that hour of internet access time. Although stores are large, capa city is limited Internet access demand varies, not only by time of day, day of week, but also across different time and seasonal horizons. Incremental costs are next to nothing it doesnt matter whether thither is one person or 500 in a store, the bandwidth is already there. By the time the encourage and third stores were opened, eIC had built yield management into its store management system.2. Current Logistics SystemLogistics is not a core competency at elC, but it has become one of the integral activities. Logistics for elc means to supply the new stores with their initial assests, including all of the furniture and PCs. This system is a drag on scalability, efficiency and a bottleneck for growth and the main reason for spiraling high cost and ongoing losses.Environmental and Root dumbfound AnalysisAggressive use of yield management is a recognized and admired business model of Stelios. EasyJet was a profitable company after just a few years of operation. However, with EasyInternetCafe profits face a long way off, the assumption that offering very low prices would increase the demand importantly lead to losses of 80m-100m from 199 to 2002. Below are some root causes of the symptoms above * The stores are too large economies of scale dont materialize if occupancy is half empty. * Fixed costs were too high due to the meter of Pcs per store. * Staff overheads were excessive.Assumptions* Are there sufficient customers who want to use an internet cafe? To-day, most of the homes pay back internet access , and many others have (free) access at their place of work or at colleges or university. * Are the stores located in the right place to attract customers throughout the day and the whole week? Downtown cafes might attract business people needing to keep in touch, but many city centres are quiet in the evenings and at weekends. By mid-2001, with cash running out a forceful action was necessary a franchising plan is being developed. It is important that every cafe looked the same, with common signage, furnishings and PCs.The time to sign a contract with a franchise is one week. If the franchisee did not already have musculus quadriceps femoris for the caf, eIc would assist in recommendations with locations within 28 old age. The broadband internet connection had to be installed by the topical anesthetic telecoms supplier within 28 days. Also they need to Desk installed within seven days. Server delivered and installed 2 days and PCs delivered and installed 2 days. CVM delivered an d installed 1 day Signage delivered and installed 1 day. Chairs delivered and installed 1 day. Testing complete system 2 days and also Open for business within one day. So, how much time should it take to open the cafe once the contract is signed? From the predecessors plan we see that average duration of time for all activity. below bellow we discuss about time of the contract are signed.

Historical Research Essay Example for Free

Historical look into EssaySoccer is regarded as the most popular sport in todays innovation and has been estimated to be played by much than 40 million people. Considering such high popularity, the epidemiology of soccer smirch is needed to be historically look fored in an extensive way. In numerous European nations, physical injuries receive from this peppy take around 40% of total sports related trauma ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson, Gibson, 2001).Using the non-parametric statistics, historical research must be conducted by recording the intense injuries and the symptoms in professional soccer players by study the frequency of occurrence and injury rate during sports and practices. MATERIALS AND METHODProfessional soccer players of some(prenominal) team, while acting in their league, has to be studied on daily basis for past few years when they be engaged in their preseason time July to August and game season September to May . Other crucial data that is in like manner required may include the age, experience statistical distribution and anthropometric attributes of severally player.During the game activities in past years, the record of personal consultations may also be available where players registered any injury received in ongoing games or practices that resulted in missing the upcoming game or practice posing. The external risk elements, the active causes, the attributes, the anatomical layovers, and the event, whether it is practice session or true(a) game, of the muscular or skeletal traumas will provide crucial statistics.Any physical incident occurred during actual game or practice session that keeps a player to continue his game or practice session is called as injury. Injuries are categorized into three grades depending upon their severityMinor injury It keeps the player absent from games or practices for not more than integrity week.Moderate injury It keeps the player absent from game or practices for one week to o ne monthMajor injury It keeps player absent from game or practices for more than one month.In many previous studies, the same categorization has been done ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson Gibson, 2001). Injury rate is mensural as injuries occurred in each thousand hours of playing this conducts both practicing and actual game Note that in historical research it would be recommended to exclude the goalkeepers as various similar research studies showed they incur opposite rates of injuries.RESULTSBy recording a total of 100 injuries we can discover the percentage of injuries occurred during the actual game and during practice sessions. The intensity of injuries that results in absence from the game or practice can also be measured. The findings will show the rate of mild injuries, moderate injuries and major injuries as well.The anatomic point and the kind of injuries must be a focus in historical research. Studied cases may involve injuries on Spine, thorax, back, lumbar spine , Pelvis, femur, knee, tibia, ankle, foot, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand injuries.Previous studies had showed that in lower extremity injuries, the knees and ankles are the most injure joints of the soccer players ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson Gibson, 2001).Ankle injuries are reported to be occurred about 1631 % of the all, whereas knee injuries are almost 1434%. There is a dramatic need of more historical research within the ankle and knee injuries to investigate percentages in youth and adult players having mixed skill levels ( Peterson, Junge, Chomiak, Graf-Baumann Dvorak, 2000).

School Conflict Case Study Essay Example for Free

School competitiveness Case Study EssayThis case study examines the conflict over whether man shoals in the coupled States of America should teach biology from the viewpoint of evolution or of cornerstone, according to the Christian Bible. Although this battle has raged for some(prenominal) decades, it is still an emotionally charged, often-debated issue. Through research on this subject, bingle finds the term intelligent design, and while this initially sounds like there may be a third contingency in this debate, upon closer examination, atomic number 53 finds that intelligent design is tantamount to creationism. Likewise one finds the term environmental creationism, which is also a pseudonym for creationism. Those who believe in evolution contend that their view is the result of scientifically verifiable non-biased information. Those who believe in creationism contend that the Christian Bible is a book written through divine inspiration and therefore, any(prenominal) is written in the Bible is the last-ditch authority.Basically the evolutionists believe they are correct because their information crowd out be proven scientifically, while the creationists believe that their information is from an infallible source that is more certain than the evolutionists scientific data. Since public schools are supported by public taxes, some believe that church and state essential be kept separate. This is supported by the fact that, the federal government has repeatedly denied the introduction of creationism into public schools as it is a direct violation of the separation of church and state (Lac, Hemovich, Himelfarb, 2010, p.253). Yet, it is also believed that the preferences of the topical anaesthetic multitude should be consulted in deciding which theory or theories should be taught in public school biology. before long local school boards actually seem to hold sway over what type of orientation their local schools will use in biology. Even when t here are state or local rulings favoring one side or the other, some classroom teachers include their personal preferences (or those of their supervisors) in choosing which orientation is taught in their classrooms.For example, in Dover, Pennsylvania, the school board adopted a general policy endorsing intelligent design and district administrators make up the statement that was read to high school biology classes as they began the evolution unit (Lerner, 2002, p. 287). Some attempts toward satisfaction of these viewpoints have resulted in having both viewpoints presented in the biology classrooms of certain districts. This idea was con through with(p)d by the George W. Bush presidential term in 2005, stating that children should be exposed to multiple ideas in school (Warmick, p.305). Another problem with presenting both evolution and the creationism in the classroom occurs when one tries to qualify which type of creationism is to be taught. The most commonly known creation stor y from the book of Genesis in the Christian Bible however, there are actually 3 different versions of creation within the book of Genesis, some resembling the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian creation stories, with a transposition of one God for many gods (Carson-Newman University, 2013).Another Christian variant of creationist theory is that of intelligent design which argues that Darwinian science does not contradict the Bible, while maintaining that a super- world planned transformation of species (Johnson, 2011, p. 15). Lastly, there is the version called environmental creationism in which the use of creationist language is employed without the explicit Christian linguistic context (Nelson, 2010, p. 513). What can be done as the battle over creationism versus evolution rages on in courtrooms and at state and local school board meetings across our nation?As mentioned previously, some localities have settled on including both sides viewpoints however, it is uncontrollable to pr esent both possibilities without bias because they come from different schools of thought. The evolutionists believe scientific fact to be ultimate truth, yet the creationists consider the word of God to be the ultimate truth. Is there a way to notice the U. S. Constitution and the taxpayers simultaneously, some of whom believe in creation and some of whom believe in evolution?If we go down to include both creationism and evolution and to consider the debate rhetorical, we run the risk of neither side being satisfied because there are those on both sides who believe that their way is the only way and who lack to win the battle. If handed-down approaches have not settled this issue, then perhaps it is time to try pick dispute resolution measures, the attempts to present both evolution and creationism in the classroom, not-withstanding. Peter Tolman ( 2006, p. 544) writes that refractory conflicts are root in the ways we make sense of the world and are not solvable in the tradit ional sense. He further states that, It is primarily through assumptions about what is unquestionably right, in a given context that different groups develop and maintain incommensurate worldviews and conflicts persist (Tolman, 2006, p. 545). Our issue here is obviously one of intractable conflict. Our issue is not one in which both sides desire to reach a win-win solution however, fecund outcomes will depend on introduction of the principles of negotiation, beginning with the foundational abilities for conflict resolution.

Selecting An Automated Library System For Finnish Research Libraries Essay Example for Free

Selecting An Automated program library brass For Finnish Research Libraries Es set up1 The Present Situation All Finnish academic libraries and a frame of other Finnish research libraries urinate practised the VTLS package during the 90s. The contract with VTLS Inc. was sign in 1988 and implementation took place during the following years. A uni? ed web c solelyed Linnea was created, consisting of the local installations and a greens physical union catalog which all were connected by the powerful academic data contagious disease network FUNET. The VTLS-based network, now called Linnea1, was very advanced when built a decade ago, and it has served Finnish libraries well. VTLS Inc.has overly been a trusty companion of Finnish academic libraries during these ten years. Creation of the union catalogue Linda in early(a) 90s was an ambitious project. Not only was data from all academic libraries loaded into a single database softw be development was also necessary. For example, a duplicate control algorithm was designed in Finland and implemented by VTLS. VTLS developed many unique pocket billiards features which enabled the libraries to use the Linda database ef? ciently for copy cataloguing purposes.Depending on the library, 50-90% of MARC records defy be copied. ILL localisation is also very ef?cient, because Linda contains summary-level serials holdings from or so 400 Finnish libraries. The Automation unit of measurement of Finnish Research Libraries, created in the Ministry of Education in 1974, was instrumental in the implementation, development and running of the Linnea network.In 1993 the Unit, with all its tasks and resources, was moved to the bailiwick program library, where the Division of program library Network Services is now managing the Linnea1 network, functioning as a car park agency for the academic libraries. In this capacity the National Library is also prudent for the fresh steps toward Linnea2, as the following(a) generation network is called.2 Selection of a bracing Automation form To summarize the need for a unsanded generation softwargon we can say that all library system vendors are building so-called third generation library systems with relative database and Client/Server technology, graphical user interface and web gateways, the ability to search multiple databases simultaneously, multimedia system sustainment and support for internationally accepted standards such as Z39. 50, Unicode, Edifact and ISO ILL, to meet the growing needs of the users.It was also evident that the classic VTLS system was coming to the end of 530 Annu Jauhiainenits life-cycle and would non be developed further since VTLS Inc. is concentrating on their new system, which is called Virtua. The Finnish academic libraries shake up since early 90s enjoyed the bene? ts of being a puddle. The ten years of VTLS use hold taught the libraries and all tripies involved that co-operation is power, flush if it is not always easy or simple.Because of the great triumph of Linnea1, on that point was no need to revise the basic good philosophy when moving to a new system. Libraries were satis? ed with the system and the work ? ows and with co-operation with bingle another.When the present VTLS system was barter ford, the Ministry of Education funded the acquisition of twain software and computer hardware. This time the universities had to ? nd the money out of their own bud give births. Nevertheless, both the universities and their libraries wanted to ensure the bene? ts of the present common approach. Libraries also were open to totally new technological and organizational dissolvents if they should prove more favourable both functionally and economically. Libraries clearly wanted to avoid transplanting old patterns into a totally new environment. Everything had, therefore, to be looked at from a new perspective.Three major issues had to be tackled the selection of the software, the fu ture database or network architecture and the nutriment of the hardware. 2. 1 Selection of the Software The Linnea libraries started to look for a new-generation library system adept about four years ago. The National Library was asked by the directors of the Finnish academic libraries to survey the systems either on the market or being developed at the time. A questionnaire was compiled and sent to the vendors who had recently been ill-judgedlisted in comparable procurements in Europe or in the U. S.The vendors were asked about their database management system, database structure, standards, various functions and features, the user interface, languages and formats, training, support, prices and future plans. Procuring a new library system for a large network is a major project which is adjust by European Union statutes. When the value of the contract exceeds the threshold, which is 200,000 euros at the moment, the procurement has to be advertised crosswise the European Union . Of the tercet alternative types, the restricted procedure seemed to be the most suitable for the Linnea2 project.When VTLS was selected in the posthumous 80s, the selection process was handled by the Automation Unit of Finnish Research Libraries alone, without much interestingness from the libraries themselves. This approach was quite natural at the time, because there was little experience of library automation in the libraries. More than ten years after, the situation was completely different. Libraries were well acquainted with at least one library system and, most importantly, they knew what their needs were and what they wanted of the new system.The resources of the libraries were welcomed by the National Library, which, as the service facility of the academic libraries, had the task of coordinating the process and pulling everything together. Selecting An Automated Library System for Finnish Research Libraries, Linnea2 531 The procedure started of? cially in April 1998 an d the tenders were received in July. At this point, tenders were invited for software only, another procurement was plan for the hardware once the software had been chosen. During the fall the tenders were evaluated complete(a)ly.Attention was paid to the technical structure and the technical resolving power of the system, references from present and future users of the system, the services and the support offered by the vendor and the quality and the completion of the various functions and modules. quad systems were shortlisted based on these criteria. They were Horizon, Innopac, Taos and Voyager. These four systems had been prepare to ful? l our requirements best in the ? rst phase of the selection process. At the beginning of the second phase the four short-listed systems were all on the same line.In nine months we had to ? ndout which of the four was functionally the most suitable and economically the most advantageous for the local databases as well as the union and nation al databases. The systems were ? rst demonstrated to a large group of library representatives. The next step was to get our hands on the applications.The National Library, together with the four vendors, organized the testing of these systems. This was the department of the evaluation in which the contri stillion of the libraries was most signi? cant. Over 70 people from the libraries and the computing centres of the universities participated in testing, which took about three months.A number of testing groups, each specializing in different functions, i. e. cataloguing, circulation, acquisition, OPAC, etc. listed the chastitys of the systems, without knowing how the other groups ranked them. Objectivity was the main guideline here. In addition to the ranking list, the groups also produced lists of open questions. Answers to these questions were want in two ways, through site visits and negotiations with the vendors. A group of six people, representing both the National Library a nd other libraries as well as the university computing centres, visited libraries using these systems, both in Europe and in the U.S.The site visits were essential in ? nding out how the systems worked in existent life. During these nine months of evaluation the National Library negotiated with the four vendors (Dynix GmbH, Innovative Interfaces Inc, Data Research Associates Inc and elbow grease education Systems Inc) in several ways and on several occasions. The vendors came to Helsinki a number of times and we went to their headquarters once to talk with the development staff, support staff and the company management. There was also constant discussion via email whenever any questions about the functionality of the systems call for to be answered.An essential feature in selection processes was a fair and objective treatment of all parties involved. Since every step was documented, we would have been able to reconstruct the process, should it have proved necessary. We have been told both by many foreign colleagues and by the vendors that the Finnish library system selection process has been the most thorough ever carried out. It is clear that when purchasing a system for all major research libraries of a rustic we are dealing with a much more serious issue than satisfying the needs of just a single library.When the different parts of the selection process were drawn together, Voyager, by Endeavor Information Systems Inc. proved to ful? l the criteria best. Voyager was found to be a complete, integrated system that was ? nished in the essential, traditional functions 532 Annu Jauhiainen needed by the libraries, but which however is being further developed to meet the new needs and ever-changing technologies. It ? ts both individual Linnea libraries and the Linnea network well. Local services can be streamlined and their scope extended. notwithstanding centralised services go forth also bene?t from Voyager via its consortium-driven functions. Increased e f? ciency is largely based on ameliorate networking since Voyager supports both Z39. 50 and ISO ILL. The company, Endeavor Information Systems Inc. had also been thoroughly investigated by an economic expert and found to be sound and stable, with good prospects. An example of the dif? deliriumies in anticipating future changes is that Endeavor has since then been sold to Elsevier Science, education a number of question marks. The National Library proposed to the libraries that Voyager should be chosen, which was unanimously accepted.The National Library was asked to shut the negotiations with the company, and was also empowered to sign the contract on behalf of all universities and other bodies participating in the purchase. This happened on February 4, 2000. 2. 2 The Network Architecture One of the important decisions in Linnea2 was whether to merge existing databases or to keep the current structure. Discussions with Endeavor experts made it clear that although it is technical ly possible to merge databases, actually doing this would be timeconsuming and expensive.The technical merits of such action would be curbed, since Voyager databases can be merged into a virtual union catalogue by using the Z39. 50 Information Retrieval protocol. Politically there was quite a tummy of reluctance among libraries to merge databases, even though Voyager makes living with a shared database much easier than our present system. A decision was, therefore, made to retain the 24 databases in Linnea2. The next question was how many legions an optimal solution for the Linnea2 network would require. In the present Linnea1 network there are 17 HP3000 hosts for the 24 databases.The number of servers was never really discussed during the implementation of Linnea1 because of the limitations of the computer technology of the time. How far can one go in centralization? The answer depends on three factors, the available data transmission network, the capabilities of the software and the state of the computer technology. The Finnish Academic and Research Network, FUNET, is already at present a key factor for the Linnea network. Without the infrastructure provided by FUNET it would not have been possible to use the Union Catalogue Linda as a cataloguing tool in a way we have done since the early 90s.A shared server is not possible if there can only be one database on the server. The Voyager software allows an unlimited number of databases on a single server. However, practical experience from other Voyager consortia made it clear that there should not be more than about 5-7 databases on a single server, since a large number of databases representation that much time may be needed for Oracle and Voyager updates it may take several days to update many large databases, and during the process all the databases must be shut down. Selecting An Automated Library System for Finnish Research Libraries, Linnea2.533 More importantly, if all databases are dependent on the same hardware and operating system process, severe problems would have an impact on every library simultaneously. Fortunately, new server technologies make it possible to have a single server and still avoid this problem there are servers that can be internally split into several logical (and physical) parts. Both cheer and IBM, which are the platforms Voyager supports, can deliver cluster-like computers, which can be separated into logical parts called domains (Sun) or nodes (IBM).Each part has its own operating system process and dedicated hardware from network card to processors. To the operators and users, the server looks like a cluster of computers. So there were no technical constraints on choosing the network architecture freely. Linnea libraries were bore-hole to ? nd out whether centralisation would save money. In the 90s the resources and budgets of the Finnish academic libraries have been cut this is unfortunately a problem common to all kinds of libraries everywhe re in the world.At the implore of the universities three scenarios were analysed centralised ideal all databases placed on a single machine semi-centralised model 3-5 servers decentralised model the current number of servers Cost analysis was based on both purchase price and the total cost of ownership, calculated for ? ve years. After a thorough analysis of the various options, Sun E10000 was chosen as the server system. The decision to go for Sun was based on technical merit and price. Both Endeavor and Oracle use Sun machines as their development platforms this fact was also taken into account.The Linnea2 server give initially have 28 400 MHz CPUs. According to Endeavor, this is copious for 1400 busy users, or more than 5000 concurrent users, about twice as much as now. Both Endeavor and we felt that an ample safety margin is needed in order to avoid performance problems. Of cut across purchase a lot of CPUs is not enough there may be other bottlenecks. The E10000 will have 24 GB of memory and 800 gigabytes of mirrored ? ber disk dedicated to Voyager databases. The universities had set an upper limit for the total purchase price of the software and hardware, including conversion of the databases.Because of the unfavourable exchange rate of the US dollar, the National Library felt increasing pressure to arrive at a low-price solution. We found out that even if list prices may tell you a different story, for a big customer like our consortium it was cheaper to purchase one big server system than a number of smaller ones. But engagement prices are not automatically offered. We managed to establish a competition between Sun and IBM in real terms because both companies saw Linnea2 as an important project.After the server was chosen, the decision was made to outsource the maintenance of the new server to the Center for Scienti? c Computing, CSC, a non-pro? t company owned 534 Annu Jauhiainen by the Ministry of Education. It hosts Finnish supercomputer s and maintains the FUNET network. In spite of better maintenance coverage and better support from the hardware vendor, maintenance costs will diminish a lot compared with Linnea1. Basic maintenance of the 17 HP3000 servers takes about three man-years, but we estimate that a single E10000 will require less than a man-year.If this estimate is correct, we will save about two manyears or even more because managing a UNIX system is generally believed to be more time-consuming than managing an HP3000 computer. Thus we have good evidence for the claim that an unprejudiced approach to server architecture has enabled us to combine signi? cant savings with important technical reformments. Being a consortium helps a lot libraries buying systems only for themselves will not be able to utilise new technology with similar ef? ciency. It is easy to understand from this point of view why library consortia are turn more common in the US and some European countries.Finland has been one of the pion eering countries in this area, and our experiences from such co-operation are very encouraging. 2. 3 Implementation At present we are in the middle of the implementation phase. grammatical construction Linnea1 and implementing VTLS took several years, but this time all 24 databases will migrate from VTLS to Voyager during a fairly short period of time, April-August 2001. This means that everything has to be scheduled very carefully and the schedules have to be kept. We have a joint national implementation project, and each library has its own project.There are three parties in all of these projects the Linnea libraries, the core group in the National Library and Endeavor Information Systems Inc. and all of these parties have to work together seamlessly. Endeavor is doing some software development for us. In general we are buying the system off the self and didnt want as many customizations as in the VTLS time, for we have seen the problems raising from localization, but there are s ome things that could not be avoided. Training is a alert part of implementation. We use the train the trainer method, so that Endeavor is training only the trainers.This way we get customized training for Finnish local needs, and also save quite a lot of money. Endeavor has converted several VTLS databases before, but in spite of that, testing the loads is important. Early tests for some sites were carried through in the fall and at present we are doing test loads for all databases, to make sure that the ware conversions will be successful. 3 Conclusion The cornerstone of this process has been co-operation, the will to pull together. This is not enough nevertheless there also has to be a workhorse, to pull everything together.This is important, especially when there is no higher(prenominal) authority to manage the process, as was the case when Linnea1 was built and the Ministry of Education took care of the Selecting An Automated Library System for Finnish Research Libraries, Lin nea2 535 negotiations and funded the whole process. This time university libraries felt the need to start the process of acquiring a new system together. They were uncoerced to make an effort to ? nd a new solution to improve the quality of their services, as well as to use their scarce resources for the evaluation, which was seen as bene? ting all.They were also willing to ?nd the money to pay for the new system, with everything included. The Linnea2 consortium was build from below, the National Library acting as the workhorse but not as a higher authority. This was a successful approach. In order to live this success, there must be a formal organisation for the consortium.That is why the Linnea2 consortium has just been established, with a formal organisational structure and bylaws. The thorough selection process for a new automation system for the Finnish research libraries has not simply been a question of technology and technical expertise, which the National Library has been trustworthy for.It was even more a question of policy and cooperation. Many things may be possible technically, but politically they are not, unless you know how to handle them correctly and diplomatically. Sometimes our neighbours in the Scandinavian countries say that libraries in Finland ? nd it easier to co-operate than libraries in other countries. Of course, this is not true. Libraries in Finland are as individualistic as libraries everywhere. They also have their particular local needs. But there is obviously a will to co-operate, as dif? cult as it may be at times.