Importance of Product and Service Design

sizeableness of product and Service DesignDesign is the craft of visualising concrete solutions that lot human inescapably and goals inside certain constraints. (Goodwin, Kim. 2009). Human engineering feature with produce and business knowledge to generate imaginations and concepts and convert them into physical and utile objects or assistances is c wholeed as yield or run heading. A approach patterner should be creative and have analytical ability to raise a user fri cobblers lastly, efficient and good looking product or receipts. The product must be good in object, value theatrical role and appearance. (Importance of product design, www.cirinodesign.com)Earning profit with satisfaction of the customers is the of import target of the organisation. This is solo possible if the product or service is designed well. Good design communicates the purpose of the product or service to its market and helps business to ready profit. We provide say that the main objective of a good design is to satisfy customers by meeting their actual or anticipated postulate and expectations. A good design of the product or service is exactly successful when it is delivered on time and cost is reasonable. Design helps business draw strongly with their customers by anticipating their real needs. As a result it enhances favorableness to the business. (Slack, N. et al. 2010)When Issigonis designed the Morris Minor, he was unaw be of its vulnerability and the design was not full successful. It was a heavy vehicle for its overall size, slow and poor at cornering. The Mini, by contrast was unfastened of very fast cornering and low weight. basin Cooper, fitted rangy engines in the Mini and created the Mini Cooper and Cooper S which, driven by Paddy Hopkirk among others, were hugely successful in tantalise sport. The model went on to win a total of 153 rallies in (1962) that socio-economic class al peer little. This example shows the importance of the product or service design. (Mini Cooper S rally success, www.suite101.com)3.1 Stages of Product or Service DesignAs we jakes see that there be five phases of product or service design in figure 3.1 below. The designers should pass through those sequences of branchs to get a nett design of a product or service. But in practice, designers may sometime recycle or backtrack through the stages. intention 3.1 The stages of product or service design (Slack, N. et al., 2010)First amount concept times stage, which is the main root of the whole help. It is the development stage of the concept which is subsequent screened to try to ensure whether it is feasible, acceptable and its vulnerability. Then concept is turned to preliminary exam design and goes through rating and improvement to see if the concept washbowl be served better cheaply and easily. Then the concept is subject to prototyping and terminal design. belief GenerationGenerally, in some organisation concept is generated take for m the research and development (RD) department. As its name states, research develop upstart knowledge and idea to grasp any opportunity or to forge any problem. And development is the attempt to try to utilize and subroutinealise the idea that come form research.Ideas for new product or service concept fucking come form customers, competitors and staffs as well. Regular customer who gives feedback and complains gives us an idea about how to improve the product and service. Staff who meet the customers twenty-four hours to day knows what their customers want which may be helpful to generate new idea.Concept ScreeningThe main purpose of this stage is to take the attend of concepts and appraise them because not every concept generated will necessarily be capable of further development into product and services. Best design is chosen among the some(prenominal) designs by evaluation of their value. From large consequence of design concepts only one design is selected form the e valuation screens. We have to think in equipment casualty of the following design criteriaFeasibility the ability of an operation to produce a process, product or service.Acceptability the attractiveness to the operation of a process, product or service.Vulnerability the risk taken by the operation in adopting a process, product or service.Preliminary DesignThis is a stage after generating an acceptable, feasible and viable product or service concept, where first gear attempt of restricting the part products and services in the package and defining the process to create the package is make.Specify the helpings of the packageExactly what will go into the product or service will be delimitate in this stage. The order in which the component parts of the package have to be put together should be known earlier. Information of the constituent component parts of the product should be collected and the bill of materials (BOM), which is the quantities of each component part required t o make the package should alike prep bed. For example, rifle guess in adventure holiday, activities can be broken down into level one shooting practice and level two target shooting. excessively the components for the rifle shooting (like a 22 air rifle, some shot, a back board, a target holder and card targets) are defined and bill of materials includes the quantity of those components. (Pycraft, M. 2000)Reducing design compositeityWhen an organisation produces transmutation of goods and services with several ranges on those goods and services as a whole, it becomes complex and may increase costs. Designers as well as the producers want simpleness in their product and services. Designers adopt several approaches to reduce complexness in the design of the product and service. The three common approaches for the complexity reduction areStandardisation This is all about variety reduction of the product or services. For example, garment manufactures produce cloths in only a limit ed numbers of sizes.Commonality This helps simplifying design complexity by using common elements within a product or service.Modularisation Designing standardised sub-components of a product or service which can be assembled in different ship canal is the main principle of modular design. For example, a package holiday manufacture can assemble holidays to meet a specific customer requirement. (Slack, N. et al., 2010) find the process to create the packageThe bill of materials and the product or service structure specify what has to be put together and this stage is to specify how the process will put together the various components to create the final product or service. We show the flow of materials or people through the operation and identify the different activities that take place during the process. Simple flow charts, routing sheets and process flow charts help us examine the process in the beginning any product or service design is finalised. (Pycraft, M. 2000)Design evalua tion and improvementIn this stage preliminary design can be improved out front the product or service is tested in the market. In other words, it involves re-examining the design to see if it can be do in a better way, more than cheaply or more easily. Typical techniques that can be used in this stage to evaluate and improve the preliminary design areQuality function deployment (ensures that the ultimate design of a product or service actually meets the needs of its customers)Value engineering (try reducing costs, and prevent any unnecessary costs, before producing the product or service)Taguchi methods (tests the robustness of a design i.e. it assumes that the product and service should still perform in extreme conditions.)Prototyping and final designThis stage involves providing the final details which allow the product and service to be produced. It is unfounded to go to full production of the product or service before testing it out. So it is appropriate to turn the impro ved design into a proto figure so that it can be tested. Many retailing organisations buffer store new products or services in a small number of stores in order to test customers reaction to them. A fully create design for the package of products and services are then finalised and delivered them to customers. (Pycraft, M. 2000)4.0 Basic Layout TypesThe layout of an operation or process means, how its modify resources (raw materials and components that can be transformed into end products) are positioned relative to each other and how its various tasks are allocated to these transforming resources (building, implementry and people). (Slack, N. et al. 2010) consort to Slack 2010, most practical layouts are derived from only four prefatorial layout types. They areFixed-position layoutIn fixed-position layout, transformed resources do not move amidst the transforming resources. In this layout the product or recipient of the service is too large to be moved cheerfully, it might b e too delicate to move. The main product being produced is fixed at a particular location. Resources, such as equipment, labour and material are brought to that fixed location. For example, building a ship the product is too large to move.Figure 4.1 Fixed-position layout (www.transtutors.com) functional layoutFunctional layout can also be called as process layout. In this layout types correspondent operations or machines are located as per their functions or processes. This is because it is convenient to group them together, or that the utilisation of transforming resources is improved. For example, all lathes are kept in one location and drilling and milling work are done in other location. Greater flexibility and scope of expansion inhabit in this layout.Figure 4.2 Functional layout (www.transtutors.com)Cell layoutCellular layout can also be called as group layout because in this layout machines are grouped consort to the process requirements for a set of similar items (part families) that require similar processing. Processes are grouped into electric cell using a technique known as group technology (GT). Group technology involves identifying parts with similar design characteristics (shape, size and function) and similar process characteristics. This type of layout is an attempt to reduce the complexity of process layouts. (Layout, www.referenceforbusiness.com)Figure 4.3 Group technology or cellular layout (www.transtutors.com)For example, in the figure 4.3 lathe, mining and drilling work is done in cell 1 and 3 and lathe, mining, grinding and assembly is done in cell 2. This shows parts, which are similar in design or manufacturing operations are grouped into one cell or one family.Product layoutProduct layout can also be called as line layout. In this layout, machine and operating facilities are located as per the sequence of operation on parts. In other words, transforming resources located as per the convenience of the transformed resources. The transformed resources flow as in a line through the process. This type of layout is preferred when production volume is high, demand is stable, part variety is less and the production is continuous.Figure 4.4 Product layout (www.transtutors.com)For example, in the figure 4.4 product A require same sequence of process i.e. lathe, mining, lathe, drilling and grinding.These are the canonical layout types used in any operations management. Some operations can also design hybrid layouts which combine elements of some or all of the basic layout types in different parts of the operation. This type of layout called as interracial layouts.